Description
UNC80 deficiency is a severe disorder characterized by nervous system and developmental problems that are apparent from birth or early infancy. The disorder does not typically get worse over time; development of intellectual function and motor skills, such as rolling over and sitting, is slow and limited, but once skills are learned, they are usually retained.
People with UNC80 deficiency have profound intellectual disability. Muscle tone is generally weak (hypotonia), but affected individuals may have increased muscle tone (hypertonia) in the arms and legs. Most people with this disorder never learn to walk. Some affected individuals have feeding difficulties because hypotonia leads to problems controlling movements of the mouth. Speech is also generally absent, although in some cases individuals have limited communication using body language, gestures, and signs. Seizures, involuntary side-to-side movements of the eyes (nystagmus), eyes that do not point in the same direction (strabismus), and a high-pitched cry can also occur in this disorder.
People with UNC80 deficiency are of normal size at birth but grow slowly during infancy and childhood. Unusual facial features typically occur in this disorder, and vary among affected individuals. These features can include a wide, short skull (brachycephaly); a triangular face shape with a prominent forehead (frontal bossing); droopy eyelids (ptosis); folds of skin covering the inner corners of the eyes (epicanthal folds); outside corners of the eyes that point downward (downslanting palpebral fissures); a nose with a prominent bridge and a bulbous or upturned tip; a short, smooth space between the upper lip and nose (philtrum); a mouth that remains open; and low-set ears. Other physical differences that can occur in people with UNC80 deficiency include a short neck, abnormal curvature of the spine (scoliosis), permanently bent joints (contractures), and inward- and upward-turning feet (clubfeet).
Frequency
The prevalence of UNC80 deficiency is unknown. At least 19 affected individuals have been described in the medical literature.
Causes
UNC80 deficiency, as its name suggests, is caused by mutations in the UNC80 gene. This gene provides instructions for making a large protein that is part of the NALCN sodium channel complex (channelosome). Sodium channels transport positively charged sodium atoms (sodium ions) into cells and play a key role in a cell's ability to generate and transmit electrical signals. In particular, the NALCN channelosome is important in nerve cells (neurons), helping to regulate their activity level (excitability). In addition to forming part of the structure of the NALCN channelosome, UNC80 also helps locate and stabilize it in the cell membrane of neurons.
UNC80 gene mutations result in absence of the UNC80 protein or production of an abnormal protein. Absence of functional UNC80 protein impairs the stability and function of the NALCN channelosome. Neuron excitability is thought to be improperly regulated as a result, but it is unclear how these changes cause the specific features of UNC80 deficiency.
Inheritance
This condition is inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern, which means both copies of the gene in each cell have mutations. The parents of an individual with an autosomal recessive condition each carry one copy of the mutated gene, but they typically do not show signs and symptoms of the condition.
Other Names for This Condition
- IHPRF2
- Infantile hypotonia with psychomotor retardation and characteristic facies-2
Additional Information & Resources
Genetic Testing Information
Patient Support and Advocacy Resources
Catalog of Genes and Diseases from OMIM
Scientific Articles on PubMed
References
- Bramswig NC, Zaki MS. UNC80 Deficiency. 2017 Sep 21 [updated 2023 May 18]. In: Adam MP, Feldman J, Mirzaa GM, Pagon RA, Wallace SE, Bean LJH, Gripp KW, Amemiya A, editors. GeneReviews(R) [Internet]. Seattle (WA): University of Washington, Seattle; 1993-2024. Available from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK453434/ Citation on PubMed
- Cochet-Bissuel M, Lory P, Monteil A. The sodium leak channel, NALCN, in health and disease. Front Cell Neurosci. 2014 May 20;8:132. doi: 10.3389/fncel.2014.00132. eCollection 2014. Citation on PubMed or Free article on PubMed Central
- Perez Y, Kadir R, Volodarsky M, Noyman I, Flusser H, Shorer Z, Gradstein L, Birnbaum RY, Birk OS. UNC80 mutation causes a syndrome of hypotonia, severe intellectual disability, dyskinesia and dysmorphism, similar to that caused by mutations in its interacting cation channel NALCN. J Med Genet. 2016 Jun;53(6):397-402. doi: 10.1136/jmedgenet-2015-103352. Epub 2015 Nov 6. Citation on PubMed
- Shamseldin HE, Faqeih E, Alasmari A, Zaki MS, Gleeson JG, Alkuraya FS. Mutations in UNC80, Encoding Part of the UNC79-UNC80-NALCN Channel Complex, Cause Autosomal-Recessive Severe Infantile Encephalopathy. Am J Hum Genet. 2016 Jan 7;98(1):210-5. doi: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2015.11.013. Epub 2015 Dec 17. Citation on PubMed or Free article on PubMed Central
- Stray-Pedersen A, Cobben JM, Prescott TE, Lee S, Cang C, Aranda K, Ahmed S, Alders M, Gerstner T, Aslaksen K, Tetreault M, Qin W, Hartley T, Jhangiani SN, Muzny DM, Tarailo-Graovac M, van Karnebeek CD; Care4Rare Canada Consortium; Baylor-Hopkins Center for Mendelian Genomics; Lupski JR, Ren D, Yoon G. Biallelic Mutations in UNC80 Cause Persistent Hypotonia, Encephalopathy, Growth Retardation, and Severe Intellectual Disability. Am J Hum Genet. 2016 Jan 7;98(1):202-9. doi: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2015.11.004. Epub 2015 Dec 17. Citation on PubMed or Free article on PubMed Central
- Valkanas E, Schaffer K, Dunham C, Maduro V, du Souich C, Rupps R, Adams DR, Baradaran-Heravi A, Flynn E, Malicdan MC, Gahl WA, Toro C, Boerkoel CF. Phenotypic evolution of UNC80 loss of function. Am J Med Genet A. 2016 Dec;170(12):3106-3114. doi: 10.1002/ajmg.a.37929. Epub 2016 Aug 11. Citation on PubMed
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